Flappers, 1920s

Flappers in the 1920's were referred to a "new breed" of young women who wore short skirts, bobbed hair, and listened to jazz music, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior. They were seen smoking, drinking, wearing makeup, treating sex in a casual behavior, driving automobiles, and voted. If she took risks and was giddy, she was a flapper.

The female wore their hair loosely on top of her head and wore a straight skirt with a high collar shirt. She was feminine but broke through several gender barriers for the attire allowed her to play golf, roller skating, and any other sports.

When WWI started, many young men were being used for cannon fodder for an older generation's ideals and mistakes. The attrition rate in the trenches left few with hope that they would survive long enough to return home. They found themselves inflicted with an " eat-drink-and-be-merry-for-tomorrow-we-die spirit. They raised them and faced with the reality of death, many searched (and found) extreme life experiences before they entered the battlefield.

When the war was over, many survivors went home and tried to return to normalcy.

The women then went into the workforce. They were anxious to get back to routine after the war. The women did not date, they waited til the proper man paid her interest, with teh intentions of marriage. But many young men died in the war, leaving the women without possible suitors. The women were not going to waste time but they were going to enjoy life.

The flapper image included shocking changes in clothing and hair. Articles of clothing were trimmed down and lightened in order to make movement easier. Women also tightly wound their chest with strips of cloth in order to flatten it. The clothes were also dropped to the hipline. She also wore stockings in which they rolled over a garter belt. Skirts fell just below the knee and hair was cut into a "bob" and the hair was slicked down and had a curl on both sides of the face.

Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper

http://history1900s.about.com/od/1920s/a/flappers.htm

Lauren Bray

The First Christmas Card

During the middle ages, it is thought to be that people carved religious themes out of wood as the first Christmas prints to give to people, but it was not until the Victorian era in London, England that the first commercial Christmas card was produced.  John Callcott Horsley designed this card for his friend Sir Henry Cole to give out to his friends.  There were 1,000 of them produced and put out for sale as well.  The following years people followed the idea and made their own cards.  Charles Goodall took it farther and created the first company that produced these cards causing the Christmas card to grow in popularity.  

Today nobody thinks twice about giving out cards for Christmas, and companies like Hallmark (one of the biggest card industries) have made it easy for people to find a Christmas card that they like.  If not, people can even create their own cards to send out with the push of a button.  The card industry has boomed since the first Christmas card to the point that cards seem like an everyday part of life. 

GC

J.M Barrie, (May 9 1860-June 19 1937)

Sir James Matthew Barrie (J.M. Berrie),  was a Scottish author and dramatist. He

is best known for creating Peter Pan, which is a story about a boy who refused to grow up. J. M Berrie was also credited for popularising the name Wendy, which was a very uncommon name before he gave it to the heroine of Peter Pan.

Berrie really wanted to pursue a career as an author, but his family wished he would have a career in ministry. He went off to the University of Edinburg, and he wrote drama reviews for the local news paper there. Meanwhile, his attention turned increasingly to works for theatre, beginning with a biography about Richard Savage (which was performed only once). The first appearance of his best know hit Peter Pan came in The Little White Bird which was serialised in the in U.S. The first stage performance of Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldnt Grow Up, was on December 27, 1904. As it has been performed may times before, it was finally adapted into feature films, musicals and more.

Berrie had many successes after Peter Pan, some other plays such as Mary Rose, What Every Woman Knows, and The Boy David. 

Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Barrie

http://www.biography.com/articles/J.M.-Barrie-9200058

Lauren Bray

Wright Bros, 1903

Orville and Wilbur Wright were the first two Americans who are generally credited with inventing and building the world's first sucessful airplane and making the first controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air human flight on December 17, 1903. Two years later, they developed  their flying machine into the first practical fixed-wing aircraft.

This development of the airplane, was then a breakthrough invention of the three axis control, which enabled them to control/steer the aircraft effectively. As the Wright Bros. gained knowledge of basic machanical skills through working on bicycles, motors and printing press. They believed that an unstable vehicle like flying machine could be controlled and balanced with practice. For many of years, they conducted extensive tests to develop their skills as pilots.

Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers

http://www.nps.gov/wrbr/index.htm

Lauren Bray

First Journal: Freedom of Press Trial of 1735

Even before the first newspaper the United States had laws restricting freedom of press.  Publishers had to have permission to publish a paper before they could; the content had to follow certain rules.  Although the United States had these laws, U.S. publishers had a much easier time publishing what they wanted to and speaking their minds than the British publishers.  The British government tried to push licensing, taxes and the seditious libel law on to United States laws without success, at least until John Peter Zenger.

In the 1774, Zenger printed an article in the New York Weekly Journal criticizing colonial governor William Cosby.  Cosby pressed charges against Zenger, leading the the Freedom of Press Trial of 1735.  Zenger was guilty under the British seditious libel law, which is a law against any government criticism, but despite this, Zenger was innocent.  A jury nullification took place in which the jury decided that Zenger was innocent because he should not be imprisoned for any criticism of the goverment that was true.  Zenger's vertict was huge, but did not get rid of the seditious libel law.  There has been no other known case in which publishers or printers got away with violating the sedition law.  Publishers and printers today still need to watch what they write or print, especially if it deals with the government.

GCascella

Source: Mass Media Law by Don R. Pember and Clay Calvert

Journal One Entry:

AIGA " Voice " Animation:

          In this archive, the designer uses the type Futura and the letterforms

  of the word "Voice" to make a design. I think the designers not only used

  the word "Voice" but looked at the anatomy of each of the letterforms to 

  create a piece. I think its a different way of expressing the piece. I believe

  if the designers used any other typeface, the pieces wouldn't be as strong.

  They really thought about the anatomy of each letter.  Also, having a thin

  stroke rather a thick stroke of lettering, gives the piece a clean pure look

  rather than a bold look which is easier on the eye.

Lauren Bray

Boston Tea Party, 1773

The Boston Tea Party of 1773 arose from two issues: financial problems of the British East India Company and an ongoing dispute about the extent of the Parliment's authority.

The Tea Party was a protest between the Boston colonist and the colony of Massachusetts. On this day, the officials refused to return the ship loads of taxed tea to Britain, a group of colonist boarded the ship and threw  it overboard into the Boston Harbor.

Many of the colonist in Massachusetts objected the Tea Act for many reasons. The most important reason is they believed that it violated their right as citizens to be taxed only by their own representatives. 

 One man in particular is Governor Thomas Hutchinson. This man refused the allow the tea to be returned to Britain. He didn't realize that the colonist would be so outraged that they would throw the tea overboard. The Main importance of the Tea Party was the growth in the American Revolution.

Parliament then responded to another act called the Coercive Act or Intolerable Act. This act describes the laws passed by British Government. After one act over another, the crisis escalated to the American Revolutionary War which began in 1773.

Source: 

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party

Lauren Bray

The Nightwatch by Rembrandt

During the Baroque era in 1642 artist usually painted what others wanted and not what the artist wanted. For artist to make a living they relied on the patrons. Because of the price, usually groups of patrons would get together and have their portrait done. Each person wanted the same amount of hierarchy. This would give the artist constraints, but if they wanted to get paid they had to give each figure the same amount of importance.

On the other-hand, Rembrandt was an exception. He didn't have to paint to keep his economical way-of-life because he married into a high-class lifestyle and would receive allowance from his in-laws. So he decides to be different. This Dutch (Protestant) painting of "Night Watch" by Rembrandt depicts a parade. This was paid upfront and in full. Those who didn't have as much hierarchy would complain. Therefore, the amount of commissions would decrease.

This selfishness caught up with Rembrandt. Later in life his wife passes away and receives less allowance. He needs to find more commissions. He eventually appears broke and lost with aging skin in one of his self portraits.

Published by: RYAN STILES

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